دانلود کتاب بیوشیمی Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach (کد: RRP19408)

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دانلود کتاب بیوشیمی Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach 1st Edition

  1. مشخصات کلی کتاب ارائه شده
    file type نوع فایل pdfPDF
    book sheet تعداد صفحات 380 صفحه
    barcode شابک

    ISBN: 0815366450

    ISBN-13: 978-0815366454

    authors نویسندگان Michael B. Smith
    sizefile حجم فایل 36 MB
    زبان کتاب انگلیسی
    سال ویرایش/انتشار ویرایش اول-2020
    price قیمت کتاب در سایت اصلی و خارجی 129دلار
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توضیحات کتاب:

“There is a continuing demand for up to date organic & bio-organic chemistry undergraduate textbooks. This well planned text builds upon a successful existing work and adds content relevant to biomolecules and biological activity”.

-Professor Philip Page, Emeritus Professor, School of Chemistry University of East Anglia, UK

“Introduces the key concepts of organic chemistry in a succinct and clear way”.

-Andre Cobb, KCL, UK

Reactions in biochemistry can be explained by an understanding of fundamental organic chemistry principles and reactions. This paradigm is extended to biochemical principles and to myriad biomolecules.

Biochemistry: An Organic Chemistry Approach provides a framework for understanding various topics of biochemistry, including the chemical behavior of biomolecules, enzyme activity, and more. It goes beyond mere memorization. Using several techniques to develop a relational understanding, including homework, this text helps students fully grasp and better correlate the essential organic chemistry concepts with those concepts at the root of biochemistry. The goal is to better understand the fundamental principles of biochemistry.

Features:

  • Presents a review chapter of fundamental organic chemistry principles and reactions.
  • Presents and explains the fundamental principles of biochemistry using principles and common reactions of organic chemistry.
  • Discusses enzymes, proteins, fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, hormones, nucleic acids and other biomolecules by comparing and contrasting them with the organic chemistry reactions that constitute the foundation of these classes of biomolecules.
  • Discusses the organic synthesis and reactions of amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids and other biomolecules.

Contents: فهرست فصول

Preface……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..xi

Author…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… xiii

Common Abbreviations……………………………………………………………………………………………………..xv

Chapter 1 Fundamental Principles of Organic Chemistry……………………………………………………1

1.1 Bonding and Orbitals……………………………………………………………………………..1

1.2 Ionic versus Covalent Chemical Bonds……………………………………………………..2

1.3 Breaking Covalent Bonds………………………………………………………………………..3

1.4 Polarized Covalent σ-Bonds…………………………………………………………………….4

1.5 Reactive Intermediates……………………………………………………………………………5

1.6 Alkanes and Isomers………………………………………………………………………………7

1.7 The IUPAC Rules of Nomenclature………………………………………………………….8

1.8 Rings Made of Carbon: Cyclic Compounds…………………………………………….. 11

1.9 Hydrocarbon Functional Groups……………………………………………………………. 11

1.10 Heteroatom Functional Groups……………………………………………………………… 13

1.10.1 C—X Type Functional Groups………………………………………………….. 13

1.10.2 C=X Type Functional Groups……………………………………………………. 17

1.11 Hydrogen-Bonding and Solubility………………………………………………………….. 21

1.12 Rotamers and Conformation………………………………………………………………….24

1.13 Conformations with Functional Groups…………………………………………………..30

1.14 Conformation of Cyclic Molecules………………………………………………………… 31

1.15 Stereogenic Carbons and Stereoisomers…………………………………………………. 37

1.16 Absolute Configuration [(R) and (S) Nomenclature]…………………………………. 39

1.17 Specific Rotation………………………………………………………………………………….44

1.18 Diastereomers………………………………………………………………………………………46

1.19 Alkene Stereoisomers: (E) and (Z)-Isomers…………………………………………….. 51

Homework…………………………………………………………………………………………………….54

Chapter 2 The Importance of Water in Biochemical Systems…………………………………………….. 55

2.1 Hydrogen Bonding……………………………………………………………………………….. 55

2.2 Solubility……………………………………………………………………………………………. 58

2.3 Water Molecules in Biological Systems………………………………………………….. 59

2.4 Acid-Base Equilibria in Water………………………………………………………………. 61

2.5 Buffers………………………………………………………………………………………………..65

2.6 Structural Features That Influence Acid Strength……………………………………..66

2.7 Acid and Base Character of Alcohols, Thiols, Amines and Carbonyls……….. 67

2.7.1 Acids………………………………………………………………………………………. 67

2.7.2 Bases……………………………………………………………………………………….69

2.8 Elimination Reactions of Alkyl Halides (E2 and E1 Reactions)………………… 71

2.9 Acid-Base Equilibria in Amino Acids……………………………………………………. 74

2.10 Directionality………………………………………………………………………………………. 78

Homework…………………………………………………………………………………………………….80

Chapter 3 Nucleophiles and Electrophiles………………………………………………………………………..83

3.1 Nucleophiles and Bimolecular Substitution (the SN2 Reaction)…………………..83

3.2 Nucleophilic Substitution with Alcohols, Ethers, Amines, or Phosphines……85

3.3 Carbocations and the SN1 Reaction…………………………………………………………88

3.4 Ethers and Thioethers as Nucleophiles……………………………………………………90

3.5 Chemical Reactions of Carbonyl Groups…………………………………………………93

3.6 Biochemical Reactions of Ketones and Aldehydes……………………………………96

3.7 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Acyl Substitution…………………………………..97

3.8 Biological Hydrolysis………………………………………………………………………….. 102

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 106

Chapter 4 Radicals……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 109

4.1 Structure of Radicals………………………………………………………………………….. 109

4.2 Formation of Radicals in Organic Chemistry………………………………………… 110

4.3 Reactions of Radicals…………………………………………………………………………. 111

4.4 Formation of Radicals in Biological Systems………………………………………… 112

4.5 Radicals in Biological Systems……………………………………………………………. 114

4.6 Radical Reactions in Biochemical Systems…………………………………………… 116

4.7 Radicals and Cancer…………………………………………………………………………… 118

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 119

Chapter 5 Dienes and Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds in Biochemistry…………………………. 121

5.1 Conjugated Dienes and Conjugated Carbonyl Compounds……………………… 121

5.2 Reactions of Conjugated Compounds……………………………………………………124

5.3 Conjugate (Michael) Addition……………………………………………………………… 127

5.4 Enzyme-Mediated Conjugate Additions……………………………………………….. 128

5.5 Sigmatropic Rearrangement Reactions…………………………………………………. 129

5.6 Enzyme-Mediated Sigmatropic Rearrangements……………………………………. 132

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 133

Chapter 6 Enolates and Enolate Anions………………………………………………………………………… 135

6.1 Aldehydes and Ketones Are Weak Acids………………………………………………. 135

6.2 Formation of Enolate Anions………………………………………………………………. 136

6.3 The Aldol Condensation……………………………………………………………………… 137

6.4 Enzyme-Mediated Aldol Condensations……………………………………………….. 138

6.5 The Claisen Condensation…………………………………………………………………… 141

6.6 Enzyme-Mediated Claisen Condensation……………………………………………… 142

6.7 Decarboxylation………………………………………………………………………………… 143

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 144

Chapter 7 Enzymes…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 147

7.1 Enzyme Kinetics……………………………………………………………………………….. 147

7.1.1 Kinetics in Organic Chemistry………………………………………………… 147

7.1.2 Catalysts and Catalytic Reactions…………………………………………….. 149

7.1.3 Enzyme Kinetics……………………………………………………………………. 149

7.2 Enzymes and Enzyme Classes…………………………………………………………….. 153

7.3 Oxidoreductases (EC 1)………………………………………………………………………. 157

7.3.1 Chemical Oxidation of Alcohols………………………………………………. 157

7.3.2 Oxidases……………………………………………………………………………….. 159

7.3.3 Chemical Reduction of Carbonyl Compounds……………………………. 161

7.3.4 Reductases…………………………………………………………………………….. 162

7.4 Transferases (EC 2)……………………………………………………………………………. 163

7.4.1 Chemical Reactions That Incorporate Methyl, Hydroxyl,

Glycosyl or Amino Groups into New Molecules………………………… 163

7.4.2 Methyl, Hydroxyl, Thiol, and Glycosyl Transferases…………………… 166

7.5 Hydrolyases (EC 3)…………………………………………………………………………….. 168

7.5.1 Chemical Hydrolysis………………………………………………………………. 169

7.5.2 Esterases……………………………………………………………………………….. 170

7.5.3 Other Hydrolyases………………………………………………………………….. 171

7.6 Lyases (EC 4)……………………………………………………………………………………. 174

7.6.1 Bond Cleavage in Organic Chemistry……………………………………….. 174

7.6.1.1 Decarboxylation……………………………………………………….. 174

7.6.1.2 Enol Formation and the Acid-Catalyzed Aldol…………….. 175

7.6.1.3 Dehydration Reactions………………………………………………. 176

7.6.1.4 [2+2]-Photocycloaddition…………………………………………… 177

7.6.2 Lyase Reactions……………………………………………………………………… 178

7.7 Isomerases (EC 5)……………………………………………………………………………… 180

7.7.1 Chemical Isomerization Reactions……………………………………………. 181

7.7.2 Isomerase Reactions……………………………………………………………….. 184

7.8 Ligases (EC 6)…………………………………………………………………………………… 185

7.8.1 Chemical Methods for Carboxylation and Nucleotide Synthesis….. 185

7.8.1.1 Reactions with Carbon Dioxide………………………………….. 185

7.8.1.2 Synthesis of Polynucleotides and Polynucleosides………… 186

7.8.2 Enzymatic Coupling……………………………………………………………….. 187

7.9 Translocases (EC 7)……………………………………………………………………………. 189

7.9.1 Enzymatic Transport Reactions……………………………………………….. 189

7.9.2 Transport of Organic Materials………………………………………………… 189

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 190

Chapter 8 Lipids…………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 193

8.1 Carboxylic Acids and Esters……………………………………………………………….. 193

8.2 Nitrate Esters, Sulfate Esters, and Phosphate Esters……………………………….. 196

8.3 Lipid Classes…………………………………………………………………………………….. 199

8.4 Chemical Synthesis of Esters……………………………………………………………….203

8.5 Biosynthesis and Biodegradation of Esters…………………………………………….205

Homework…………………………………………………………………………………………………..209

Chapter 9 Aromatic Compounds and Heterocyclic Compounds……………………………………….. 211

9.1 Benzene and Aromaticity……………………………………………………………………. 211

9.2 Benzene Is a Carcinogen…………………………………………………………………….. 213

9.3 Functionalized Benzene Derivatives…………………………………………………….. 214

9.4 Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: The SEAr Reaction………………………… 216

9.5 Enzymatic SEAr Reactions………………………………………………………………….. 219

9.6 Reduction of Aromatic Compounds………………………………………………………222

9.7 Biological Reduction of Aromatic Rings……………………………………………….224

9.8 Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution. The SNAr Reaction…………………………225

9.9 Enzymatic SNAr Reactions…………………………………………………………………..226

9.10 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons…………………………………………………….227

9.11 Heteroaromatic Compounds: Nitrogen, Oxygen, or Sulfur……………………….230

9.12 Reactions of Heteroaromatic Compounds……………………………………………… 233

9.13 Enzymatic Reactions That Generate Heterocyclic Compounds………………..234

9.14 Reduced Forms of Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur Heterocycles………………..238

9.15 Heteroaromatic Compounds with More Than One Ring…………………………. 239

Homework…………………………………………………………………………………………………..240

Chapter 10 Carbon–Metal Bonds, Chelating Agents and Coordination Complexes………………. 243

10.1 Organometallics………………………………………………………………………………… 243

10.2 Organometallics in Organic Chemistry………………………………………………… 243

10.3 Biologically Relevant Metals………………………………………………………………..246

10.4 Chelating Agents………………………………………………………………………………..248

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 251

Chapter 11 Amino Acids………………………………………………………………………………………………. 253

11.1 Characteristics of Amino Acids…………………………………………………………… 253

11.2 Structure of α-Amino Acids………………………………………………………………… 255

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 259

Chapter 12 Peptides and Proteins…………………………………………………………………………………… 261

12.1 Reactions and Synthesis of α-Amino Acids…………………………………………… 261

12.2 Amino Acid Biosynthesis……………………………………………………………………. 267

12.3 Peptides Are Poly(amides) of Amino Acid Residues……………………………….268

12.4 Chemical Synthesis of Peptides……………………………………………………………. 274

12.5 Peptide Biosynthesis……………………………………………………………………………277

12.6 Proteins and Enzymes Are Poly(peptides)……………………………………………..280

12.7 Peptide Degradation and End Group Identification…………………………………280

12.8 Peptidases………………………………………………………………………………………….284

Homework…………………………………………………………………………………………………..285

Chapter 13 Carbohydrates……………………………………………………………………………………………..287

13.1 (Poly)hydroxy Carbonyl Compounds…………………………………………………….287

13.2 Monosaccharides………………………………………………………………………………..288

13.3 Mutarotation………………………………………………………………………………………293

13.4 The Anomeric Effect…………………………………………………………………………..294

13.5 Ketose Monosaccharides……………………………………………………………………..295

Homework…………………………………………………………………………………………………..297

Chapter 14 Glycosides…………………………………………………………………………………………………..299

14.1 Monosaccharides………………………………………………………………………………..299

14.2 Disaccharides, Trisaccharides, Oligosaccharides, and Polysaccharides……..300

14.3 Reactions of Carbohydrates…………………………………………………………………. 301

14.4 Biologically Important Glycosides………………………………………………………..305

14.5 Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates and Glycosides……………………………………….308

14.6 Biodegradation of Carbohydrates and Glycosides………………………………….. 313

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 316

Chapter 15 Nucleic Acids, Nucleosides and Nucleotides…………………………………………………… 317

15.1 Nucleosides and Nucleotides……………………………………………………………….. 317

15.2 Polynucleotides………………………………………………………………………………….. 320

15.3 Chemical Synthesis of Nucleotides………………………………………………………. 325

15.4 Biosynthesis of Nucleotides…………………………………………………………………. 328

15.5 Ribozymes………………………………………………………………………………………… 330

15.6 Hydrolysis of RNA and DNA………………………………………………………………. 332

15.7 RNA-Mediated Programmable DNA Cleavage……………………………………… 333

15.8 Restriction Enzymes…………………………………………………………………………… 334

Homework………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 336

Chapter 16 Answers to Homework Problems…………………………………………………………………… 337

Chapter 1……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 337

Chapter 2……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 338

Chapter 3……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 339

Chapter 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 341

Chapter 5……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 343

Chapter 6…………………………………………………………………………………………………….344

Chapter 7……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 345

Chapter 8…………………………………………………………………………………………………….349

Chapter 9……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 350

Chapter 10………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 352

Chapter 11………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 353

Chapter 12………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 354

Chapter 13………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 356

Chapter 14………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 358

Chapter 15………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 361

Index…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 363

 

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